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Integer square root : ウィキペディア英語版
Integer square root
In number theory, the integer square root (isqrt) of a positive integer ''n'' is the positive integer ''m'' which is the greatest integer less than or equal to the square root of ''n'',
: \mbox( n ) = \lfloor \sqrt n \rfloor.
For example, \mbox(27) = 5 because 5\cdot 5=25 \le 27 and 6\cdot 6=36 > 27.
==Algorithm==
One way of calculating \sqrt and \mbox( n ) is to use Newton's method to find a solution for the equation x^ - n = 0, giving the iterative formula
: _ = \frac\left(x_k + \frac\right), \quad k \ge 0, \quad x_0 > 0.
The sequence \ converges quadratically to \sqrt as k\to \infty. It can be proven that if x_ = n is chosen as the initial guess, one can stop as soon as
:| x_-x_| < 1
to ensure that \lfloor x_ \rfloor=\lfloor \sqrt n \rfloor.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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